Panpsychism
Holds that consciousness, or some proto-conscious property, is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of physical reality, present in some minimal form even in basic matter.
Biocentrism
A fringe proposal that consciousness/life is primary and generates the physical universe, rather than being a late product of it — inverting the usual matter-first assumption.
Moral Realism vs. Anti-Realism
A framing problem rather than a single theory: whether moral facts and values exist objectively, independent of what any person or culture believes (realism), or are constructed, relative, or expressions of attitude (anti-realism) — a fault line underlying every other ethics-of-meaning theory.
The Fermi Paradox
The framing problem for this whole domain: the apparent contradiction between plausible estimates that the galaxy should host many communicating civilizations, and the total absence of confirmed contact or evidence for any of them.