Philosophy & Meaning
Buddhist Philosophy (Four Noble Truths / Anatta)
Holds that suffering arises from craving and attachment to a falsely perceived fixed self, and that liberation comes through ethical conduct, mental discipline, and insight into impermanence and non-self.
Proponents
Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)
Evidence For
An internally coherent diagnosis-and-path structure, independently echoed by later psychological findings on attachment, craving, and rumination; requires no creator god to function.
Evidence Against
The doctrine of non-self (anatta) combined with rebirth without a persisting self remains metaphysically contested and is interpreted differently across Buddhist schools.
Real Sources
Transmissions
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