Time, Determinism & Free Will

Compatibilism

mainstream Contemporary Ancient Stoic roots; modern form via Thomas Hobbes (1651) and David Hume (1748); refined by Harry Frankfurt, 1969 onward

Holds that free will and determinism are not actually in conflict — that acting freely just means acting on one’s own reasons and desires without external coercion, regardless of whether those reasons were themselves ultimately caused by prior events.

Proponents

Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, Harry Frankfurt, Daniel Dennett

Evidence For

Surveys of professional philosophers have repeatedly found compatibilism to be the plurality view, and it offers a workable account of moral responsibility that doesn't require the universe to contain any uncaused events at all.

Evidence Against

Hard determinists and libertarians alike often dismiss compatibilism as a semantic sidestep — redefining "freedom" into something weaker than the robust, could-have-done-otherwise sense most people mean when they use the word.

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